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<div class="">On Apr 18, 2017, at 1:03 PM, Luca Muscariello <<a href="mailto:luca.muscariello@gmail.com" class="">luca.muscariello@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div>
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<div class="">Marc,</div>
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<div class="">Suppose the server that issues the manifest is the same unique server in the list. Suppose the outer name is used like the hostname and the inner name is used as the content path in a name hierarchy local to the server.</div>
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<div>Yes, this is what would happen with CCNxKE and encapsulated encryption. The outer name would be something like /foo/sessions/session_id/sequence_num. The inner names would be something like /foo/content/content_id/version/chunk. In this case, the inner
content does not need to be encrypted (e.g. broadcast encrypted), though it’s still a good practice to sign it (e.g. the manifests).</div>
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<div class="">Encryption would be made on the fly by the server, using ephemeral keys, why not, using a DH negotiation. </div>
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<div>yes, that is what would happen with CCNxKE, the session encryption keys are pretty much just like TLS 1.3.</div>
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<div class="">How far is this to today point to point session based encryption?</div>
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<div>I think CCNxKE is cryptographically the same encryption as TLS 1.3. There are some differences in restart and move tokens and the use of ICN names instead of IP addresses. CCNxKE also introduced the idea of move tokens so the authentication server can
pass the data transfer to a different server (namespace) using an authorization token. There is also some differences in the up-front work so CCNxKE puts more work on the client than the server to avoid computational DoS.</div>
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<div class="">I see a couple of differences like block integrity for reliable transport like in TLS but seems minor.</div>
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<div>Yes, it’s closer to DTLS 1.3 than TCP-based TLS. Though I should point out the CCNxKE is just the key exchange part and setting up a session id, it is not the actual data transport (i.e. there’s no record format).</div>
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<div>We recommended the data transport be done using encapsulation (outer names and inner names) not in-place encryption [1]. This does result in something a little like a record format for the data, but the important thing is it is separable from the key
exchange to allow experimentation and innovation in that area. For example, CCNxKE could be used more like IKE than TLS, though it is based on the TLS semantics of key exchange.</div>
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<div>[1] <a href="https://www.ietf.org/id/draft-wood-icnrg-esic-00.txt" class="">https://www.ietf.org/id/draft-wood-icnrg-esic-00.txt</a></div>
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<div class="">What seems still a big difference is the way trust and authentication is decoupled to the encryption key. </div>
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<div>Yes, this is the important thing. There is a separate trust of the channel from the data. CCNxKE lets one or both parties authenticate the peer for channel security (i.e. non-observability) and then separately trust the data (e.g. via manifest signing).</div>
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<div>This enables several types of new services. First, I might want to use a CDN that I trust due to its terms of use (e.g. they don’t keep records or they don’t resell info), so I want to know my channel is secure to them separately from the content. Second,
if I trust some content provider (e.g. a hulu service) and that service tells me to use such-and-such CDN, then I might have some assurance of a similar level of customer confidentiality from that CDN as from the content provider (at least for that provider).
I may have stronger legal protections and privacy protections when the CDN has contractual obligations to the content provider than when I grab content from random opportunistic caches.</div>
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Marc</div>
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<div class="">Hope my use case is clear.</div>
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<div class="">Luca</div>
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<div class="gmail_quote">On Mon, Apr 17, 2017 at 6:00 PM, <span class=""><<a href="mailto:Marc.Mosko@parc.com" target="_blank" class="">Marc.Mosko@parc.com</a>></span> wrote:<br class="">
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<div class="">On Apr 16, 2017, at 6:05 AM, Pengyuan Zhou <<a href="mailto:zpymyyn@gmail.com" target="_blank" class="">zpymyyn@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div>
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Marc,</span>
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Thanks for your reply and interesting ideas. </div>
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I do have some more questions.</div>
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<div class="">On 14 Apr 2017, at 21:09,<span class="m_915390075792612110m_-6061470824752831720m_-5850342142891459837Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Marc.Mosko@parc.com" target="_blank" class="">Marc.Mosko@parc.com</a><span class="m_915390075792612110m_-6061470824752831720m_-5850342142891459837Apple-converted-space"> </span>wrote:</div>
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<div style="word-wrap:break-word" class="">Pengyuan,
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<div class="">In general there is not the same idea of TLS handshakes because the trust anchors for content would not be the same as the replica name hosting that content in cache. NDN has several tech reports on different ways to encrypt data that you can
find in their publications section.</div>
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<div class="">In the CICN community, we’ve addressed this mainly two ways:</div>
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<div class="">1) The publisher includes the public key in the first content chunk (or a named pointed to it). If the content is encrypted for a particular recipient, then the publisher wraps a symmetric key in the first chunk then generates per-chunk session
keys based on the symmetric key and the chunk number (i.e. the chunk number becomes part of the IV in the AES algorithm’s key derivation). In CICN, we’ve favored encapsulation encryption (i.e. there’s an unencrypted outer name used for transport and an inner
name part of the wrapped encrypted object) as that leaks the least amount of information.</div>
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In that sense, encryption is not made on the fly, will that be vulnerable for those relative static content which exist in the network for long time?<br class="">
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<div class="">Yes, this is the common publish-and-forget approach of ICN. There are a variety of key-wrapping techniques to communicate a symmetric data key to a designated consumer (see the older CCNx way of doing it [1] or the link Jeff sent to the NDN group
access control). Both use techniques to wrap a symmetric keys for each consumer for some piece of data (there are a variety of technical differences and there are other proposals).</div>
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<div class="">The larger picture is as you say, one-way encryption. There are some advantages in this if your network model is disconnected (in time or space). There are also some cryptographic disadvantages, such as needing to know all the consumers (to
wrap the key for them), no forward secrecy, and correlation attacks. It usually also has a lazy idea of revocation: to remove a group member one changes the keys going forward, but does not go backwards and re-encrypt under the assumption that whatever was
previously published as readable has already been read (it’s could also be a huge computational endeavor).</div>
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<div class="">Some have argued that for some content, e.g. static page elements from a bank page, it’s ok to use such an approach because an attacker already knows your going to that bank via the name (or IP address). It’s only the personal information that
needs session encryption. I think as long as an attacker cannot gain more information about you (e.g. you download the “I’m super crazy rich” image vs the “I’m in debt” image) it could be ok, but that level of cognizance about what leaks information is often
hard to see ahead of time (my example was pretty blatant). It is safer to assume all page elements could leak information.</div>
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<div class="">[1] <a href="https://github.com/ProjectCCNx/ccnx/blob/master/doc/specs/AccessControl/AccessControlSpecs01.pdf" target="_blank" class="">https://github.com/ProjectCCNx/ccnx/blob/master/doc/specs/AccessControl/AccessControlSpecs01.pdf</a></div>
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<div class="">2) When a replica name is known, for example the publisher lists that you can get the content from Comcast or Akamai, then the client can use a TLS like protocol to get session encryption to that replica. See, for example, <a href="https://www.ietf.org/id/draft-wood-icnrg-ccnxkeyexchange-01.txt" target="_blank" class="">https://www.ietf.org/id/draft-wood-icnrg-ccnxkeyexchange-01.txt</a>.
This form of opportunistic channel encryption does not replace the end-to-end manifest (or merkle hash tree) signing, but compliments it. It also includes mechanisms where a user can authenticate to a publisher then get a re-direction token to continue a
TLS-like session with a particular replica.</div>
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This seems interesting and I may misunderstood this. By publisher lists, does that assume that multiple publishers willing to provide same contents to users in a “sharing” way? If so, I’m wondering the feasibility due to the actual competition relationship
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<div class="">By “publisher lists” I meant that a single publisher (e.g. Hulu) publishes a list of the approved cached (e.g. Akamai, Comcast, Fastly). It would sign this and make it public with some TTL. A consumer can then learn the name of the caches (really
CDNs) and match that against a certificate in the TLS-like (CCNxKE) transaction. If a consumer did not know to trust a specific name, then you’d be vulnerable to MITM attacks trying to set up an opportunistic encrypted session. </div>
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<div class="">The root of trust could be a 3rd party like today (e.g. verisign et al.) or could be provided in the “publisher list” or could be via some other mechanism like schematized trust. One must ensure that whatever is used in this step is also resistant
to MITM.</div>
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<div class="">This establishes the outer security layer for an encrypted session that can then pass inner Interests and Data through it. Those inner names do not need to be correlated to the outer names. It thus achieves protection against observability without
the publish-and-forget approach. That said, it is still likely that a video provider (or other paywall content provider) would use broadcast encryption of the payloads and likely with non-obvious names. Or other models, such as the paywall content provider
running their own servers in the CDN’s network so the session encryption and inner object signing are all that is needed without an extra encryption layer.</div>
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<div class="">This scheme is pretty similar to what happens today. You connect to a publisher (e.g.
<a href="http://www.hulu.com/" target="_blank" class="">www.hulu.com</a>) and that publisher gives you back a link to content that will then resolve (via DNS) to a CDN (e.g. a Fastly IP address). One difference is that to get the “gold lock” the CDN is impersonating
the publisher’s TLS certificate so the certificate name and URI host match. In the CCNxKE approach, we decouple the channel session encryption from the content provenance, so you can separately trust both whom you talk to and what you talk about.</div>
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<div class="">On Apr 14, 2017, at 11:55 AM, Pengyuan Zhou <<a href="mailto:zpymyyn@gmail.com" target="_blank" class="">zpymyyn@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div>
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According to my understanding, the KeyLocator has the storage location of the key.<br class="">
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My question is where normally should the key be stored, especially for secure transmission?<br class="">
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Since NDN is not end-to-end, there might not be thing like "TLS handshake”, or is there?<br class="">
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If not, then how does NDN realise the agreement of "Master Secret and Session key” (or sth. similar)?<br class="">
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Seems to me that all the key info including the KeyLocator are predefined before transmission, is that realistic?<br class="">
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There might be understanding, please correct me if so.<br class="">
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Thanks.<br class="">
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Best,<br class="">
Pengyuan Zhou<br class="">
University of Helsinki<br class="">
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